Gene flow seems to be uneven, with prevalence of movement in the direction from M. grateloupensis), along the Sierra Madre Oriental in northeastern Mexico. aurifrons and the nearby populations of M. We also found evidence of bi-directional gene flow between the species M. santacruzi since the Last Interglacial period. Ecological and demographic models suggest the existence of intermittent areas of sympatry and connectivity among populations of M. These groups diverged recently, with two splits between 250-150,000 years ago, and show a significant genetic admixture among them, especially in their current contact zones. Using genetic and ecological analyses, we found that the species is structured into three genetically and ecologically differentiated groups comprising the subspecies (1) M. aurifrons are reciprocally monophyletic, although the sister group relationship of M. carolinus), we obtained results congruent with previous molecular phylogenies. aurifrons) and Red-bellied Woodpecker (M. From phylogenetic and demographic analyses including the Golden-Fronted (M. Here, we employed reduced representation genome sequencing (NextRAD) and Ecological Niche Modeling methods to test the distinctiveness of the Velazquez Woodpecker based on this new set of genomic data and analyze the correspondence of the genetic structure and ecological differentiation with phenotypic variation and geographic distribution. The ample variation in body size, barring of the plumage, and the coloration of nasal tufts, neck, and belly have fueled debates about the taxonomy and evolutionary history of the species however, the processes generating these patterns of variation and the underlying population dynamics throughout the species’ distribution remain poorly understood. The Velazquez Woodpecker Melanerpes santacruzi is a highly polytypic species distributed from east-central Mexico to northern Nicaragua. Plumage colouration in the hybrid zone was a relatively poor indicator of parental or hybrid status, which could be attributed to the possible involvement of few large effect genes. We found high introgression rates, with several early and many advanced generation hybrids along a 275 km stretch of Rocky Mountain foothill, pointing to a well‐established hybrid zone with hybrid individuals backcrossing with individuals from the parental species and each other. varius contact zone the two most similar species in the complex, though they are not each other's closest relatives. Using a combination of next‐generation restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐Seq) and traditional genetic methods, we examined patterns of introgression in the poorly characterized S. ruber have been characterized with both genetic and genomic data. ruber has long been acknowledged, and hybrid zones between S. Hybridization among Sphyrapicus nuchalis, S. Studying species interactions at hybrid zones allows biologists to understand the forces that promote speciation. Using museum specimens and genomic data, this study of sapsuckers provides insight into the ways in which phenotypic and genetic structure have changed over a 40‐year period, as well as insight into the mechanisms that may contribute to the maintenance of the hybrid zone over time. However, despite evidence of selection and strong patterns of population structure between parental samples, we found only weak patterns of genetic divergence. We also found a significant bimodal distribution of hybrids across the contact zone, suggesting that premating barriers may be driving reproductive isolation, perhaps as a result of assortative mating based on plumage differences. In addition to these shifts, we found that differences in plumage predict genetic differences (R²= 0.80), suggesting that plumage is a useful proxy for assessing ancestry. We found strong evidence for changes in the structure of this hybrid zone across time, with significant temporal shifts in allele frequencies and in the proportions of parental phenotypes across the landscape. nuchalis) sapsuckers meet and hybridize along a narrow contact zone that stretches from northern California to southern British Columbia. Red‐breasted (Sphyrapicus ruber) and Red‐naped (S. In hybrid zones in which two divergent taxa come into secondary contact and interbreed, selection can maintain phenotypic diversity despite widespread genetic introgression.
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